Field peas are sensitive to a number of herbicide residues. Like other crops, dry field pea yield can be estimated prior to harvest. Poorly drained and saline soils should be avoided when growing field pea. Exposure to sunlight also can cause a degradation in color. Field pea is a legume crop and has the inherent ability to obtain much of its nitrogen requirement from the atmosphere by forming a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria in the soil. This indicates a plant population of 10,250 plants per acre, so the average yield per plant is approximately 3.6 pounds. Try our corporate solution for free! When seeding pea, always adjust for germination and allow for a certain percent of the seed that germinates not to become an established plant. Field pea contains approximately 21 to 25 percent protein. The growing pea plants will provide a soil cover and protect the soil from erosive forces. R.J. French, in Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), 2016. Photos courtesy of the Northern Pulse Growers Association. of nitrogen per acre, depending on plant density and availability of the appropriate species of Rhizobium bacteria. A three-year rotation will be adequate to control foliar disease pathogens. Producers must be certain that the inoculum product they obtain is specific for field pea. Both diseases survive in crop residues and are seed-borne and seed-transmitted. “I think about rates and percentages. These fungi survive on plant debris, and spores can survive for years on field pea stubble. A relatively shallow root system and high water use efficiency make field pea an excellent rotational crop with small grains, especially in arid areas where soil moisture conservation is critical. In addition, a study found that a delay in harvest affects postharvest breakage to a greater degree than seed moisture content. Another factor to consider in variety selection is the producer’s location. Proper fertilizer source, rate and placement are necessary to avoid reductions in plant stand while at the same time meeting the P needs of the field pea plant. Splitting involves a mechanical process and results in separation of the two seed cotyledons. However, grasshoppers can cause damage to field pea, especially when field pea is in the flower to pod-filling stages and when populations are high. Soil moisture is essential for germination to take place. Either option can improve or maintain future crop productivity. Field pea varieties will range from 1,600 to 5,000 seeds per pound. Producers who buy or use their own seed should know the level of seed-borne inoculum present on the seed. For example, a Canadian trial indicated that two wild mustard plants per square foot reduced pea yield as much as 35 percent. Field pea is a poor competitor with weeds, especially during the first month after planting. In 2020, Ostlie penciled out returns on the pea/canola intercrop, … These seeds may be stimulated to germinate and start growing. These trials include the most promising varieties with information recorded on the important traits necessary for making proper variety selection. However, the number of seeds per pound differ for various varieties. Read and follow all chemical labels. (212) 419-8286. hadley.ward@statista.com. Julie Pasche, NDSU Plant Pathologist; Field pea has hypogeal emergence in which the cotyledons remain below the soil surface. We have also observed that field peas planted at lower population densities are maturing later, are able to produce more pods per plant, and set first harvestable pod at lower plant heights (Figure 4). It overwinters in the soil as thick-walled spores (oospores) that can survive for many years. Figure 1. An aeration system should be used to cool the stored pea as outdoor temperature cool, similar to other grains. However, aphid populations are usually kept low by heavy rains and/or by beneficial insects, such as lacewings or ladybird beetles. Crop harvestability is a very important factor in variety selection and often is noted by harvest ease scores in trial results. Nightshade berries can stain the pea seed at harvest, causing a reduction in quality. The majority (more than 70 percent) of the dry pea produced in the U.S. is exported. Plants are most at risk when soil is saturated for a long period of time. Ascochtya foot rot will form blackish purple lesions on the stem at the base of the plant. When field pea has been grown in rotation for a few times in the same field, the need for inoculation is not as critical, compared with growing field pea for the first time in a field. Field pea can be grown on a wide range of soil types, from light sandy to heavy clay. Green weed seeds or foreign material should be cleaned from the crop before storage to reduce the potential for deterioration during storage and enhance market opportunities. Averaging multiple observations per field will increase the accuracy of the yield estimate. If the temperature of stored pea cannot be maintained below 60 degrees, then the recommended storage moisture content is 13 percent. Field pea is among the most highly efficient nitrogen-fixing crops and may obtain as much as 80 percent of its total nitrogen requirement from fixation under good growing conditions. Low cylinder speeds, normally 350 to 600 rpm, should be used to minimize seed cracking or splitting. per acre in 2019 and likely higher in 2020, Lange said. Yield loss typically does not occur unless the infection occurs during early to midpod set. On pods, lesions often are sunken and can result in discolored seeds. Field pea often is cracked or ground and added to cereal grain rations. The test weight of field pea is similar to that of wheat, so the amount of water per point of moisture that needs to be removed during drying is similar. Under these conditions, the addition of 20 to 30 pounds of nitrogen with commercial fertilizer is recommended to meet the needs of the developing field pea plant until nodulation becomes fully effective. Aschochyta (Mycosphaerella) blight and bacterial blight are economically important diseases of field pea that are confused easily. Flowering usually begins 40 to 50 days after planting. To reduce seed shattering, the combine reel should be adjusted to a low speed. With a typical row spacing of 51 inches and an average in-row spacing of 12 inches, each pepper plant receives 4.25 square feet of growing space. Allowable storage time values should be considered estimates. Bacterial blight, which is easily confused with Aschochyta blight, causes lesions on leaves, petioles, stems and pods that appear shiny to greasy when the lesions are fresh. This research showed some differences in allowable storage time between pea and wheat. We use gypsum to get calcium and sulfur into our fertilizer mix. Average yield across rotations showed essentially the same yield for the tille… Gregory Endres, Area Extension Specialist/Cropping Systems, Shana Forster, NDSU North Central Research Extension Center Director; After harvest, the crop needs to be graded to determine what markets are options for the grower. Infected seed will be shrunken and discolored. Delaying harvest until oats are at the soft-dough stage of maturity and peas are undergoing pod development will increase yields but decrease quality. Vine lifters enable producers to get under the pea vines and lift them over the cutting knife. As can be seen in Table 1, the number of seeds per pound is determined by environment in which the crop is grown. This is particularly true when planting into cold or wet soils or when seeding in close rotation with other broadleaf crops. Subscribe to receive weekly PDF via e-mail, Subscribe to a feed  of individual articles. Due to limited market opportunities for human food grade peas, make sure local, state or regional buyers are aware of the quality and quantity of crop you have available for sale. A plant density of 300,000 to 350,000 plants per acre or seven to eight plants per square foot is recommended. blackeyed peas, crowders, field peas, cowpeas, or just peas. If the seed moisture content must be reduced by 5 percent or more, drying in a high-temperature dryer should take place in two passes. Controlling diseases in field pea begins with crop rotation. The allowable storage time for pea at select moisture contents and temperatures is shown in Table 1. These bacteria, if present, live in root nodules of legumes, including peas, and convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms available to … Indeterminate flowering varieties will flower for long periods, and ripening can be prolonged under cool, wet conditions. Bacterial blight often develops at similar severity in the midcanopy as the lower canopy, and it is most sever after rain storms accompanied by strong winds or after hail storms. For example, when marketing food grade peas, numerous factors that affect market grade include market class (for example, green or yellow cotyledon, specialty types), seed size and shape, splitting potential, harvest moisture, seed handling techniques during harvest and storage, and seed damage factors (for example, bleach, cracked seed coats, splits, shriveled seed, earth tag, chalk spot). Granular inoculant has alleviated many of the concerns with inoculant applications. Janet Knodel, Extension Entomologist; Use high airflow for good separation. Field pea often is used in forage crop mixtures with small grain. One type has normal leaves and vine lengths of 3 to 6 feet; the second type is the semi leafless type that has modified leaflets reduced to tendrils, resulting in shorter vine lengths of 2 to 4 feet. Field pea has high levels of the amino acids, lysine and tryptophan, which are relatively low in cereal grains. Being a legume, peas do use a lot of calcium. Field pea in a green fallow system yielded 3,425 pounds per acre of biomass and 103 pounds per acre of accumulated nitrogen in above-ground biomass at the Carrington Field pea has a 330,000 (plants per acre) standard seeding rate and canola has 5 pounds (per acre) seeding rate, which is the standard rate,” he said. The recommended seeding rate for peas is a target plant stand of 75 to 85 plants per square metre or seven to eight plants per square foot. A soil test should be conducted to determine the status of the primary nutrients. Feel free to use and share this content, but please do so under the conditions of our, North Dakota Dry Pea Variety Trial Results and Selection Guide. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed are those of the website author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. A certain percent of splits are allowed in whole field pea and a certain percentage of whole field pea is allowed in split field pea. Good storage facilities maintain the product by protecting it from direct sunlight. When selecting within these semi leafless types, consider the impact of vine length. Field peas' average nitrogen production is 100 lb/acre. Peas contain high levels of carbohydrates, are low in fiber and contain 86 to 87 percent total digestible nutrients, which makes them an excellent livestock feed. The soil-residual activity can provide weed control while field pea is emerging. The decision to start the harvest process will depend on three factors: Field pea can be swathed to preserve quality if crop maturity is uneven or heavy weed pressure is present. Rates can be adjusted higher or lower depending on the conditions in the field, Pea aphids have piercing-sucking mouthparts and may vector viral diseases. After grazing, the pea stubble can be worked into the soil as a green manure or left over the winter. It severely affects the appearance of the seed, lowering the grade and marketability. Field pea should be cooled to about 30 degrees for winter storage. Spores also can be carried on the seed; therefore, planting disease-free seed is very important. For additional information on fungicides labelled in field pea, consult the “North Dakota Field Crop Plant Disease Management Guide” (PP622). Under most conditions, the use of inoculants will satisfy the nitrogen requirement of a field pea crop. If nodulation does not occur and soil nitrogen levels are low, an application of nitrogen fertilizer over the top may be required to optimize seed yields. Severe infections of ascochyta will result in premature ripening, lodging and reduced yields. They are sold as a dry, shelled product and used for either human consumption or livestock food. Most commercial field pea varieties are susceptible to powdery mildew but resistant varieties are available. Field pea forage is approximately 18 to 20 percent protein. Refer to NDSU Extension Service publication SF882, “North Dakota Fertilizer Recommendation Tables and Equation” for additional information that relates to field pea nutrient requirements. Generally, semi leafless pea that has good standability will avoid any serious sclerotinia infections. Good weed control is also very important in raising high-quality human edible pea. Research has shown that field pea is an excellent protein supplement in swine, beef cow and feeder calf, dairy and poultry rations. Field pea also contains 5 to 20 percent less of the trypsin inhibitors than soybean. Fields with a history of perennial weed problems such as Canada thistle, perennial sowthistle and field bindweed should be avoided. Fallow used 6.0 inches of water without producing any grain (Table 4). Field pea seed will germinate at a soil temperature of 40 F. Emergence normally takes 10 to 14 days. Land Grant. Little information exists on using natural-air or low-temperature drying to dry field pea. The addition of a nitrogen fertilizer may be required when field pea is planted on land with less than 30 pounds of available nitrate N in the top 2 feet of the soil profile. Multiple hand harvests can increase pod and green pea yields of vining types (indeterminate) by about 25 percent above the indicated single harvest yields. Because the test weight of pea is similar to wheat, using information for wheat should provide appropriate design guidance on required airflow rates and expected drying times. The green and yellow cotyledon types are the primary market classes. The fungal growth can develop into hard, black bodies (sclerotia) found inside the stem, which can cause premature ripening of the plant. Cultural methods that should be used as part of an integrated weed management system include crop rotation, field selection, rapid crop establishment at an adequate density and use of clean seed. Cowpea curculio, Chalcodermus aeneus(Coleoptera), is a weevil (Figure 2), that seems to have originated from the Caribb… This system can make use of the remaining growing season because field pea is tolerant to minor frost. Lygus bug (or tarnished plant bug) has the potential of being the most serious insect pest in field pea in North Dakota. Seedlings are tolerant of spring frosts in the low 20s, and if injured by frost, a new shoot will emerge from below the soil surface until approximately seven nodes are above the soil surface. The number of plants per acre ranges from 850,000 to 1,400,000. Phosphorous may also be needed and is normally applied at a rate of 20 lb per acre. At all temperature levels, seed coat breakage increases linearly with decreasing moisture content. The total amount of nitrogen fixed by the crop also depends on favorable growing conditions. A seeding rate of 3 bu/ac has been shown to yield as much as 4 bushels under normal conditions. Sclerotinia stem rot can infect field pea. With a more diverse rotation, there was no yield benefit observed with tillage in this trial. As a green manure crop, field pea returns approximately 25 lb/acre of nitrogen (N) to the soil. Field pea also may be grown as a green manure or green fallow crop. For a listing of registered seed treatments and specifics on disease control, consult the most current version of NDSU Extension Service publication PP622, “North Dakota Field Crop Fungicide Guide.”. Field pea yields can be slightly lower or similar to spring wheat on a pound or bushel basis within a specific region. Primary field pea market opportunities are for livestock feed, seed and human food. Figure 2. Typically, long-vine varieties having normal leaf arrangement are more susceptible to sclerotinia because they tend to lodge after flowering, forming a dense canopy close to the soil surface and increasing the risk of infection. Reel speed should be slow to minimize seed shatter. Field pea has shown to be well-adapted to most regions of the northern Great Plains (Figure 2). 24,000 lb. Planting oat as a pre-crop also has been shown to reduce disease severity. For example, semi leafless pea has a more open canopy, remain erect longer and dry down more rapidly after a rain or heavy dew than the indeterminate long vine type. Most seed treatments have little or no effect on rhizobium inoculants and nodulation; however, some seed treatments are very toxic to all formulations of inoculants. A good source of information to aid in variety selection is field trial evaluations conducted by the various NDSU Research Extension Centers across the state. Average North Dakota Dry … Pea varieties have indeterminate or determinate flowering growth habit. Always read and follow label instructions. However, not enough time is left of the growing season to expect to harvest a second dry pea crop for seed. Peas will not survive long in water logged conditions. Symptoms of the disease include a white, frothy, fungal growth found on dead or decaying tissue. Always select high-quality, disease free seed. Opportunities also exist to utilize just-harvested pea fields for a volunteer pea cover crop. Leaf lesions often are constrained by veins and frequently become translucent or shatter as they age. A desiccant may be used to enhance crop drying prior to combining. Indeterminate varieties are more likely to compensate for periods of hot, dry weather and are more adapted to arid regions. Yield in 2015 was higher (maximum yield 33 bu/ac) than in 2016 (maximum yield 25-26 bu/ac) regardless of population density. The general yield formula is: plants per square foot x pods per plant x average seeds per pod x square feet per acre (43,560) = seeds per acre. Harvest management is especially important to obtain high-quality field pea to be marketed as human food or seed. Field pea should be combined with seed moisture of 17 to 20 percent to reduce splitting and seed coat cracking. Seeding rate is based on the number of bushels of seed per acre to be planted. Student Focused. Check field application records, rainfall totals, soil type, pH and tillage to make decisions on planting field pea. Field pea can be grown in a no till or conventional-till cropping system. Field pea typically is seeded in a narrow row spacing of 6 to 12 inches. Field pea should be swathed in the early morning or late afternoon when the humidity is high and the pods are tough to reduce shattering losses. Planting field pea after mid-May means it more likely will mature during warm, dry weather favorable to disease development. Average yields are 2.5 to 3.5 tons per hectare. For the most important root rot pathogens, little to no difference occurs between lentil and field pea in susceptibility, and a minimum of a four-year rotation would be needed for either of these crops, especially when soil conditions are relatively wet. This is typically the first question that I am asked when discussing field pea production. 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